Tag: Japan

Claire Jones

Standard & Poor’s downgrade looks set to have little immediate impact on central bank reserve managers’ fondness for US Treasuries.

Despite China’s posturing, it – and others– look set to remain big holders of Treasuries for now. Japan – the second largest international holder of US debt after China – has said it thinks “there is no problem regarding the creditworthiness of US Treasuries and US government bonds will continue to be attractive assets.” Russian and Middle Eastern officials have said likewise.

Banks in the quake-affected north-east of Japan will soon be able to borrow longer term from a new scheme worth ¥1,000bn ($11.7bn), offering one-year loans at 0.1 per cent.

The scheme comes on top of ¥21,800bn ($265bn) liquidity made available immediately after the quake and a doubling of the Bank’s asset purchase programme from ¥5,000bn to ¥10,000bn ($121bn). Tokyo has also been involved in an internationally co-ordinated effort to prevent the yen appreciating too sharply. So far, though, the BoJ remains unwilling to buy government bonds, a measure adopted in several other countries since the crisis.

In addition to such measures, at today’s meeting, the Bank judged it necessary to introduce a funds-supplying operation that provides financial institutions in disaster areas with longer-term funds in order to support their initial response efforts to meet the future demand for funds for restoration and rebuilding.

What constitutes success for the world’s one-day yen policy? To minimise “excess volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates,” if the G7 statement is anything to go by.

But then “volatility” is all a matter of time period. For instance, it has gone up over the one-day time horizon, with the very sharp weakening of the yen since central bank intervention began this morning. “Disorder” gives a little more wiggle room because it is defined by its effects. It might include, for instance, exchange rate movements that lead to a credit crunch. (One wonders, though, whether a rapid weakening of the yen would also have been classed as “disorderly”.)

Some pundits are saying the G7 action is at least partly self-interested. Certainly their participation is likely to cost them: their domestic currencies will appreciate, and the trades themselves are very likely to lose money as the yen eventually rebounds. Perhaps the tumbling Nikkei – and stocks elsewhere following – made these costs seem smaller. Success in these terms has been achieved – for today. American, European and British equities have gained today.

Other commentators suggest the moves are about defeating the speculators. If we could

The Group of Seven industrialised nations have agreed to co-ordinated currency intervention for the first time in a decade to help Japan recover from its devastating earthquake, tsunami and nuclear crisis.

Authorities in Japan, the eurozone, the UK, Canada and the US agreed on Friday to help weaken the yen in a rolling intervention that began at 9am in Tokyo, which immediately pushed the yen down from above Y79 against the US dollar to below Y81.

It is the first time the G7 has agreed to intervene as a group since it propped up the euro in 2000 and shows the extent of international sympathy for Japan.

Japan’s currency, trading near Y83 the day before the earthquake and tsunami hit on March 11, had climbed to Y76.25 by Thursday as traders anticipated huge demand from Japanese investors and financial institutions as they sell foreign assets and bring funds home for reconstruction.

Nobody knows how much of Mrs Watanabe’s foreign stash she intends to bring home. But the choices made by this mythical Japanese housewife – astute, and hunting for a better return than she can find at home – could help to explain the rapidly strengthening yen.

It makes sense that the average Japanese investor would want to repatriate their money at the moment. The average Japanese investor, after all, lives in Tokyo. Many have lost homes and possessions, with 430,000 estimated to be living in temporary accommodation (and it is winter). Others will be trying to move away from the Fukushima atomic power station. Still more are facing food shortages or rationing. In all these cases, cash is king.

Ralph Atkins

Will the earthquake in Japan delay the planned European Central Bank interest rate hike? Earlier this month – before the quake - Jean-Claude Trichet, president, hinted strongly at a quarter percentage point rise to 1.25 per cent in April. As this blog has already noted, financial markets think he might have to execute a u-turn.

I am not so sure. It is still three weeks until the next interest-rate setting ECB governing council meeting - so a lot could happen - and there is no need for its members to take any decisions just yet.  But the arguments for a rate hike have not necessarily changed.

Markets predict Europe and the UK will start to raise interest rates later than they did before Japan’s earthquake. The delay is roughly three months for the Bank of England and three to four months for the ECB.

Markets now expect the UK’s first rate rise – quarter of a point to 0.75 per cent – to occur in August. Last week they averaged on June. Several factors had led markets to bring forward their expectations before the quake. Rising inflation in the UK, hawkish voting patterns and some ambiguous comments from Mervyn King led many to think a rate rise would happen as early as May, after GDP figures are due out. The base rate had been expected to reach 1 per cent in October; now it’s more like early February 2012.

In Europe, too, rising inflation and comments from the central bank governor had made a rate rise from 1 per cent seem likely earlier. Many analysts were predicting April 7 for the first rate rise, prior to the quake. They are still pricing in a 25bp rise by June and two more before the end of the year.

This from the Bank of Japan, in spite of recent QE programme and a cut that takes the bank rate effectively to zero. More worrying still is the reasoning behind forecasts of increased export growth:

Japan’s economy is likely to grow at a slower pace for some time, but is expected to return to a moderate recovery path thereafter… Exports are likely to be more or less flat for the time being, but they are expected to increase moderately again, reflecting the improvement in overseas economic conditions.

Japan’s top three trading partners – by a long way – are China, the US and the EU. Though demand for Japanese goods is growing in the EU, it is growing at a slower pace in the US, “marginally” in China, and flat elsewhere in east Asia.

The BoJ’s monthly report makes for sober reading for monetary economists because the recent easing measures have worked, but they haven’t helped. “Financial conditions have continued to show signs of easing” and interest rates, already near zero, have fallen further; lending attitudes are “improving“. But bank lending is still down, year-on-year, and the real economy is far from stimulated.

The Bank of Japan has unveiled details of a Y5,000bn ($61.4bn) asset-buying programme that marks its return to an unconventional “quantitative easing” policy, while keeping rates on hold and lowering its economic forecast.

The details of the scheme approved by the central bank’s policy board on Thursday were in line with initial plans it announced earlier this month that have been welcomed by Tokyo policymakers keen to see stronger monetary action to support Japan’s fragile economic recovery and combat entrenched deflation.

However, many analysts say the scheme is too small to have much macro-economic impact. It is also likely to be dwarfed by a new bout of quantitative easing expected to be launched by the US Federal Reserve next week that markets estimate will be initially worth around $500bn. Masaaki Shirakawa, BoJ governor, has suggested the new programme could later be expanded if necessary, but for the moment the central bank is sticking by its plan to accumulate Y5,000bn in assets by the end of 2011.

Loan demand has improved in Japan following the recent rate cut and promise of further stimulus. Demand for credit from consumers and local government became slightly stronger during October, while demand from companies weakened but at a far less severe rate than last quarter, according to a survey of senior loan officers from the Bank of Japan.

The picture wasn’t entirely rosy, with local governments’ demand strengthening at a sixth of the rate last month (see chart). And we must be wary of seeing a new trend from this datapoint or even in attributing the change in this volatile and subjective indicator to the rate cut. This is clear from the respondents’ view of next quarter, also shown on the chart: i.e. a slight weakening of demand. (Their predictive power last quarter was excellent.) Banks continue to ease their credit standards, and point to increased competition and efforts to grow as reasons for the change.

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The Money Supply team

Chris Giles Chris Giles has been the economics editor of the Financial Times since 2004. Based in London, he writes about international economic trends and the British economy. Before reporting economics for the Financial Times, he wrote editorials for the paper, reported for the BBC, worked as a regulator of the broadcasting industry and undertook research for the Institute for Fiscal Studies. RSS

Ralph Atkins, Frankfurt bureau chief, has been writing about European economics and politics for the Financial Times for more than 20 years following an economics degree from Cambridge. He has been watching the European Central Bank and eurozone economies since 2004. He has previously worked in London, Bonn, Berlin, Jerusalem and Brussels. RSS

Robin Harding is the FT's US economics editor, based in Washington. Prior to this, he was based in Tokyo, covering the Bank of Japan and Japan's technology sector, and in London as an economics leader writer. Robin studied economics at Cambridge and has a masters in economics from Hitotsubashi University, where he was a Monbusho scholar. Before joining the FT, Robin worked in asset management and banking. RSS

Claire Jones is Money Supply economics team writer, based in London. Before joining the Financial Times, she was the editor of the Central Banking journal and CentralBanking.com. Claire studied philosophy and economics at the London School of Economics. RSS

James Politi is US economics and trade correspondent for the Financial Times, based in Washington DC. He joined the Washington bureau in January 2008 following four and a half years as US deals correspondent covering M&A and private equity. James Politi joined the FT in London in 2000 with an MSc at the London School of Economics, and undergraduate degrees from Georgetown University and the University of Florence. RSS

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